Skip to Content

Agitation

Definition

Agitation is an unpleasant state of extreme arousal (stirred up or excited), increased tension, and irritability.

Alternative Names

Restlessness

Considerations

Agitation can come on suddenly or over time. It can last for just a few minutes, or for weeks and even months. Pain, stress, and fever can all increase agitation.

Agitation by itself may not be a sign of a health problem. However, if other symptoms occur, it can be a sign of disease.

When agitation lasts for hours and there is a change in alertness (altered consciousness), doctors call this delirium. Delerium always has a medical cause.

Causes

There are many causes of agitation, some of which include:

  • Alcohol intoxication or withdrawal
  • Caffeine intoxication
  • Intoxication or withdrawal from drugs of abuse (such as cocaine, marijuana, hallucinogens, PCP, or opiates)
  • Hospitalization (older adults often have delirium while in the hospital)
  • Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland)
  • Infection (more often in elderly people)
  • Medical tests that involve injecting a "contrast medium" into the patient
  • Nicotine withdrawal
  • Theophylline or other medicines
  • Vitamin B6 deficiency

Agitation can occur with brain and mental health disorders, such as:

Home Care

The most important way to deal with agitation is to find and treat the cause. If left untreated, agitation leads to an increased risk of suicide.

After treating the cause, the following measures can reduce agitation:

  • A calm environment
  • Adequate lighting
  • Medications such as benzodiazepines, and in some cases, antipsychotics
  • Plenty of sleep

Don't restrain an overly agitated person, if possible. This usually makes the problem worse. Only use restraints if the person is at risk of harming themselves or others, and there is no other, less restrictive way to control the behavior.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Contact your health care provider for agitation:

  • That lasts for a long period of time
  • That is very severe
  • If there are other unexplained symptoms

What to Expect at Your Office Visit

Your health care provider will take a medical history and do a physical examination.

To help better understand your agitation, your doctor may ask the following questions:

  • Type
    • Are you more talkative than usual or do you feel pressure to keep talking?
    • Do you find yourself doing purposeless activities (e.g., pacing, hand wringing)?
    • Are you extremely restless?
    • Are you trembling or twitching?
  • Time pattern
    • Was the agitation a short episode?
    • Is the agitation persistent?
      • How long did it last -- for how many day(s)?
  • Aggravating factors
    • Does the agitation seem to be triggered by reminders of a traumatic event?
    • Did you notice anything else that may have triggered agitation?
    • Do you take any medications, especially steroids or thyroid medicine?
    • How much alcohol do you drink?
    • How much caffeine do you drink?
    • Do you use any drugs, such as cocaine, narcotics, or "speed" (amphetamines)?
  • Other
    • What other symptoms do you have?
    • Is there confusion, memory loss, hyperactivity, or hostility (these symptoms can play an important role in diagnosis).

Diagnostic tests may include:

References

Park JM, Park L, Prager LM. Emergency psychiatry. In: Stern TA, Rosenbaum JF, Fava M, Biederman J, Rauch SL, eds. Massachusetts General Hospital Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry. 1st ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier;2008:chap 87.

Rossi J, Swan MC, Isaacs ED. The violent or agitated patient. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2010;28:235-256.

Review Date: 2/28/2010
Reviewed By: Linda Vorvick, MD, Medical Director, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Washington School of Medicine; and Michelle Benger Merrill, MD, Instructor in Clinical Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.
adam.com

Disclaimer: The information contained in this website, and its associated websites, is provided as a benefit to the local community, and the Internet community in general; it does not constitute medical advice. We try to provide quality information, but we make no claims, promises or guarantees about the accuracy, completeness, or adequacy of the information contained in or linked to this website and its associated sites. As medical advice must be tailored to the specific circumstances of each patient and healthcare is constantly changing, nothing provided herein should be used as a substitute for the advice of a competent physician. Furthermore, in providing this service, Adventist HealthCare does not condone or support all of the content covered in this site. As an Adventist health care organization, Adventist HealthCare acts in accordance with the ethical and religious directives for Adventist health care services.

Adventist HealthCare · 301-315-3030 · 1801 Research BLVD, Suite 400, Rockville, MD 20850

Submit an Online Information Request